Small island nations like Tuvalu, Kiribati, and others from the Pacific, Africa, and the Caribbean are leading an unprecedented push for climate justice at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). These nations, facing existential threats from rising sea levels caused by global warming, have urged the ICJ to clarify the legal obligations of UN member states to combat climate change. The hearings concluded on December 13, 2024, with a decision anticipated next year  .
The advocacy comes as these islands grapple with severe consequences of climate change, including loss of land, declining fishery resources, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Tuvalu’s representative described their fight as a plea for survival, noting that rising sea levels could make their homeland uninhabitable within decades. This landmark case seeks to frame the global climate crisis not just as an environmental issue but as a human rights concern, asserting that nations have a moral and legal responsibility to protect vulnerable populations 
The ICJ hearings involved arguments from two camps. Wealthy nations, such as the United States, argued that current climate agreements like the Paris Accord already outline sufficient obligations for member states. However, smaller island states countered that these frameworks are inadequate and unenforceable, leaving them exposed to catastrophic risks. They asked the ICJ to issue an advisory opinion clarifying states’ duties under international law to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts 
This case should set a significant precedent, influencing how international law addresses climate justice. If the ICJ rules in favor of the island nations, it could pave the way for increased accountability, potentially requiring wealthier nations to implement stricter carbon reduction targets and provide greater financial assistance to affected states. This could also bolster ongoing efforts to treat climate change as a global security issue
The initiative reflects a broader movement by vulnerable nations to seek innovative solutions to climate challenges. Earlier this year, similar advocacy led to progress in climate finance discussions at COP29, where wealthier nations committed to establishing a Loss and Damage Fund. This ICJ case amplifies those efforts, aiming to secure legally binding measures to protect communities most at risk.
